Financing social expenditures in developing countries: Payroll or value added taxes? by Richard Bird and Michael Smart publiched by Georgia State University (1/2012). “At present most social protection programs in Latin American countries are financed by payroll taxes levied on the formal sector. Increasingly, some countries are both extending some benefits similar to those received from these programs to non-contributors and financing such extensions as well as some benefits for contributors from general revenues, which at the margin in most countries means from the value added tax…”
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