Energy subsidies in Latin American and the Caribbean: Stocktaking and policy challenges by Gabriel Di Bella, Lawrence Norton, Joseph Ntamatungiro, Sumiko Ogawa, Issouf Samaké and Marika Santoro published by IMF, indicated by Alvaro MAnoel (02/2015). “The oil price decline creates an opportunity to dismantle energy subsidies, which escalated with high oil prices. This paper assesses energy subsidies in Latin America and the Caribbean – about 1.8 percent of GDP in 2011-13 (approximately evenly split between fuel and electricity), and about 3.8 percent of GDP including negative externalities…”
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